Print Friendly version- Current Publications
- Europe’s Vulnerability to Energy Crisis
- Energy Efficiency Policies around the World: Review and Evaluation
- Contents
- Acknowledgements
- Remerciements
- Foreword
- Summary
- Résumé
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Objectives of the Study
- 1.2 Why is energy efficiency an important issue?
- 1.3 Definition and Scope of Energy Efficiency
- 1.4 Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures
- 1.5 Energy Efficiency Policies Evaluation
- 2 Energy Efficiency Trends
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Energy Efficiency Indicators
- 2.3 Overall Energy Efficiency Performance
- 2.4 Industry
- 2.5 Transport
- 2.6 Household and Service Sectors
- 2.7 CO2 Emissions from Energy Combustion
- 3 Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Institutions and Programmes
- 3.3 Regulations
- 3.4 Financial Incentives
- 3.5 Mandatory energy audits
- 3.6 ESCOs
- 3.7 Policy Instruments for Cars Energy Efficiency
- 3.8 Energy Efficiency Obligations in Europe
- 3.9 Packages of Complementary Measures: Case of Solar Water heaters
- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations
- 4.1 Energy Efficiency and CO2 Trends
- 4.2 Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures
- 4.3 General Conclusions and Recommendations: Energy Efficiency Policies: a win-win strategy
- Annexes
- Annex A
- Annex B
- Annex C
- Bibliography
- Energy Efficiency Indicators
- Energy Policy Scenarios to 2050
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- Introduction
- 1.1 Objectives of the Study
- 1.2 Two Axes - Government Engagement and Cooperation/Integration
- 1.3 Process
- 1.4 Mathematical Process
- 1.5 The Regions
- 1.6 Structure of the Report
- The 3 A's
- 2.1 What are the three A's?
- 2.2. Where are we now on the 3 A’s?
- 2.2.1 Africa
- 2.2.2 Asia
- 2.2.3 Europe
- 2.2.4 Latin America and the Caribbean
- 2.2.5 North America
- Four Scenarios in a Nutshell
- 3.1 Leopard
- 3.2 Elephant
- 3.3 Lion
- 3.4 Giraffe
- 3.5 Key Indicators
- Results of Analysis
- 4.1. Scenario 1: Leopard
- 4.2. Scenario 2: Elephant
- 4.3. Scenario 3: Lion
- 4.4. Scenario 4: Giraffe
- 4.5. Regional Perspectives
- Regional Achievement of the 3 A's
- 5.1. Scenario 1: Leopard
- 5.2. Scenario 2: Elephant
- 5.3. Scenario 3: Lion
- 5.4. Scenario 4: Giraffe
- 5.5. Regional Policy Recommendations
- Principal Observations and Conclusions
- 6.1. Global Observations
- 6.2. Regional Observations
- Recommendations
- 7.1. Setting Realistic Global Targets
- 7.2. Associated Messages
- 7.3. Energy Policies for Action
- Next Steps
- Further Reading
- Appendices
- Appendix A: URLS
- Electricity end-use
- Electricity generation
- Stationary end-use
- Energy Price Drivers
- Investment and Finance
- POLES
- Africa
- Asia
- Europe
- Latin America and the Caribbean
- North America
- Appendix B: Specialist Perspectives
- 10.1.1 Electricity Generation and End-Use
- 10.1.2. Stationary End-Use
- 10.1.3. Transportation
- 10.1.4 Energy Price Drivers
- 10.1.5. Investment and Finance
- 10.1.6. Climate Change
- 10.1.7. 2020: Credible commitments and slower emissions growth
- 10.1.8. 2035: Emissions stabilisation
- 10.1.9. 2050: Sustainable emissions reduction
- Appendix C: Study Group Members
- Survey of Energy Resources 2007
- Foreword
- Introduction
- Overview
- Contents
- Abbreviations and Acronyms
- Conversion Factors and Energy Equivalents
- Coal
- Reserves
- Energy Demand
- Energy Security
- Inter-fuel Substitution – Coal to Liquids
- Clean Coal Technologies
- Carbon Capture and Storage
- Coal Mine Methane
- Underground Coal Gasification
- Definitions
- Tables
- Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids
- Reserves and Resources
- A Contribution to the Peak Oil Discussion
- Conclusions
- References
- Definitions
- Tables
- Oil Shale
- Introduction
- Definition of Oil Shale
- Origin of Oil Shale
- Classification of Oil Shales
- History of the Oil Shale Industry
- Oil Shale Resources
- Recoverable Resources
- References
- Tables
- Natural Bitumen and Extra-Heavy Oil
- Introduction
- Resource Quantities and Geographical Distribution
- Economics of Production, Transportation, and Refining Technology
- Transportation and Upgrading
- Economics of Upgrading and Markets for Upgraded Oil
- Summary and Implications
- References
- Definitions
- Tables
- Natural Gas
- Natural Gas Market Developments: The Way Ahead
- Natural Gas: A Successful Energy
- Assets for Future Gas Market Growth
- Stakes and Challenges
- Conclusions
- Definitions
- Tables
- Uranium
- Overview
- Production
- Exploration
- Resources
- Supply and Demand Outlook – the next two decades
- Conclusion
- References
- Definitions
- Tables
- Nuclear
- Nuclear Power Today
- Rising Expectations
- Uranium Availability
- Spent Fuel and Reprocessing
- Waste and Decommissioning
- Safety
- Proliferation Resistance
- Projected Growth for Nuclear Power
- Concluding Remarks
- References
- Tables
- Hydropower
- Introduction
- Present Situation and Future Potential
- The Changing Role of Hydropower
- Synergy with Other Renewable Energies
- Climate Change and Reservoir Emissions
- Hydropower Sustainability Guidelines
- Financing Hydropower
- Definitions
- Tables
- Peat
- Introduction
- Resources
- Uses of Peat
- Production Methods
- Energy Markets
- Peat from a Climate Impact Point of View
- The Nature of Peatlands and Peat
- Balance of Peat Usage and Life-Cycle Analysis
- Wise Use of Peat
- References
- Definitions
- Tables
- Bioenergy
- Introduction
- Wood Fuels
- Biomass for Electricity Generation
- Biofuels
- Biomass Resources
- Summary
- References
- Tables
- Solar
- Introduction
- Solar Radiation Resources
- Solar Collectors
- Solar Energy Applications
- Solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV)
- Solar Thermal Power Plants
- Solar Energy Storage Systems
- Other Solar Energy Applications
- Conclusion and Outlook
- References
- Tables
- Geothermal Energy
- Introduction
- Geothermal Resources
- Utilisation
- Technologies for Electricity Generation
- Electricity Generation
- Direct Utilisation
- Heat Pump Applications
- Environmental Issues
- Enhanced Geothermal Systems
- New Developments - drilling for higher temperatures
- Conclusions
- References
- Tables
- Wind Energy
- Resource and Potential
- Types of Modern Wind Turbine
- Energy Production
- Wind Energy Costs
- Wind Farms
- Small Wind Turbines
- Environmental Aspects
- Integration into Supply Networks
- Future Developments
- References
- Tables
- Tidal Energy
- The Tides
- Harnessing the Energy in the Tides
- The Future of Tidal Power
- References
- Wave Energy
- Introduction
- The Resource
- Wave Energy Technologies
- Environmental Aspects
- The Prospects for Wave Energy
- Conclusions
- References
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Introduction
- Types of OTEC Plant
- Economics and Finance
- A Typical OTEC Design
- The Way Ahead and the Market
- References
- Energy Maps
- Publication Archive
- Statements
- documents en français
- documentos en español
- documentos em Português
Energy Efficiency Policies around the World: Review and Evaluation
Annex C: List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
|
CDM |
Clean Development Mechanism |
|
CHP |
Combined Heat and Power |
|
CIS |
Commonwealth of Independent States |
|
CO2 |
Carbon Dioxide |
|
EBRD |
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
|
ESCO |
Energy Services Company |
|
EUROSTAT |
European Union’s Statistical Office |
|
EU |
European Union |
|
GDP |
Gross Domestic Product |
|
GEIS |
Global Energy Information System (www.worldenergy.org) |
|
GHG |
Greenhouse Gas |
|
GJ |
gigajoule |
|
Gt |
gigatonne |
|
GW |
gigawatt |
|
IMF |
International Monetary Fund |
|
IEA |
International Energy Agency |
|
km |
kilometre |
|
kW |
kilowatt |
|
kWh |
kilowatt hour |
|
m |
metre |
|
m2 |
square metre |
|
MEPS |
Minimum Energy Performance Standard |
|
MW |
Megawatt |
|
MWh |
Megawatt hours |
|
SO2 |
Sulphur Dioxide |
|
toe |
tonne of oil equivalent |
|
UNECE |
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |
|
UNFCCC |
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |
|
US$95 |
United States Dollar (1995 value) |
|
WEC |
World Energy Council |