Print Friendly version- Current Publications
- Europe’s Vulnerability to Energy Crisis
- Energy Efficiency Policies around the World: Review and Evaluation
- Contents
- Acknowledgements
- Remerciements
- Foreword
- Summary
- Résumé
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 Objectives of the Study
- 1.2 Why is energy efficiency an important issue?
- 1.3 Definition and Scope of Energy Efficiency
- 1.4 Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures
- 1.5 Energy Efficiency Policies Evaluation
- 2 Energy Efficiency Trends
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Energy Efficiency Indicators
- 2.3 Overall Energy Efficiency Performance
- 2.4 Industry
- 2.5 Transport
- 2.6 Household and Service Sectors
- 2.7 CO2 Emissions from Energy Combustion
- 3 Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Institutions and Programmes
- 3.3 Regulations
- 3.4 Financial Incentives
- 3.5 Mandatory energy audits
- 3.6 ESCOs
- 3.7 Policy Instruments for Cars Energy Efficiency
- 3.8 Energy Efficiency Obligations in Europe
- 3.9 Packages of Complementary Measures: Case of Solar Water heaters
- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations
- 4.1 Energy Efficiency and CO2 Trends
- 4.2 Evaluation of Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures
- 4.3 General Conclusions and Recommendations: Energy Efficiency Policies: a win-win strategy
- Annexes
- Annex A
- Annex B
- Annex C
- Bibliography
- Energy Efficiency Indicators
- Energy Policy Scenarios to 2050
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- Introduction
- 1.1 Objectives of the Study
- 1.2 Two Axes - Government Engagement and Cooperation/Integration
- 1.3 Process
- 1.4 Mathematical Process
- 1.5 The Regions
- 1.6 Structure of the Report
- The 3 A's
- 2.1 What are the three A's?
- 2.2. Where are we now on the 3 A’s?
- 2.2.1 Africa
- 2.2.2 Asia
- 2.2.3 Europe
- 2.2.4 Latin America and the Caribbean
- 2.2.5 North America
- Four Scenarios in a Nutshell
- 3.1 Leopard
- 3.2 Elephant
- 3.3 Lion
- 3.4 Giraffe
- 3.5 Key Indicators
- Results of Analysis
- 4.1. Scenario 1: Leopard
- 4.2. Scenario 2: Elephant
- 4.3. Scenario 3: Lion
- 4.4. Scenario 4: Giraffe
- 4.5. Regional Perspectives
- Regional Achievement of the 3 A's
- 5.1. Scenario 1: Leopard
- 5.2. Scenario 2: Elephant
- 5.3. Scenario 3: Lion
- 5.4. Scenario 4: Giraffe
- 5.5. Regional Policy Recommendations
- Principal Observations and Conclusions
- 6.1. Global Observations
- 6.2. Regional Observations
- Recommendations
- 7.1. Setting Realistic Global Targets
- 7.2. Associated Messages
- 7.3. Energy Policies for Action
- Next Steps
- Further Reading
- Appendices
- Appendix A: URLS
- Electricity end-use
- Electricity generation
- Stationary end-use
- Energy Price Drivers
- Investment and Finance
- POLES
- Africa
- Asia
- Europe
- Latin America and the Caribbean
- North America
- Appendix B: Specialist Perspectives
- 10.1.1 Electricity Generation and End-Use
- 10.1.2. Stationary End-Use
- 10.1.3. Transportation
- 10.1.4 Energy Price Drivers
- 10.1.5. Investment and Finance
- 10.1.6. Climate Change
- 10.1.7. 2020: Credible commitments and slower emissions growth
- 10.1.8. 2035: Emissions stabilisation
- 10.1.9. 2050: Sustainable emissions reduction
- Appendix C: Study Group Members
- Survey of Energy Resources 2007
- Foreword
- Introduction
- Overview
- Contents
- Abbreviations and Acronyms
- Conversion Factors and Energy Equivalents
- Coal
- Reserves
- Energy Demand
- Energy Security
- Inter-fuel Substitution – Coal to Liquids
- Clean Coal Technologies
- Carbon Capture and Storage
- Coal Mine Methane
- Underground Coal Gasification
- Definitions
- Tables
- Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquids
- Reserves and Resources
- A Contribution to the Peak Oil Discussion
- Conclusions
- References
- Definitions
- Tables
- Oil Shale
- Introduction
- Definition of Oil Shale
- Origin of Oil Shale
- Classification of Oil Shales
- History of the Oil Shale Industry
- Oil Shale Resources
- Recoverable Resources
- References
- Tables
- Natural Bitumen and Extra-Heavy Oil
- Introduction
- Resource Quantities and Geographical Distribution
- Economics of Production, Transportation, and Refining Technology
- Transportation and Upgrading
- Economics of Upgrading and Markets for Upgraded Oil
- Summary and Implications
- References
- Definitions
- Tables
- Natural Gas
- Natural Gas Market Developments: The Way Ahead
- Natural Gas: A Successful Energy
- Assets for Future Gas Market Growth
- Stakes and Challenges
- Conclusions
- Definitions
- Tables
- Uranium
- Overview
- Production
- Exploration
- Resources
- Supply and Demand Outlook – the next two decades
- Conclusion
- References
- Definitions
- Tables
- Nuclear
- Nuclear Power Today
- Rising Expectations
- Uranium Availability
- Spent Fuel and Reprocessing
- Waste and Decommissioning
- Safety
- Proliferation Resistance
- Projected Growth for Nuclear Power
- Concluding Remarks
- References
- Tables
- Hydropower
- Introduction
- Present Situation and Future Potential
- The Changing Role of Hydropower
- Synergy with Other Renewable Energies
- Climate Change and Reservoir Emissions
- Hydropower Sustainability Guidelines
- Financing Hydropower
- Definitions
- Tables
- Peat
- Introduction
- Resources
- Uses of Peat
- Production Methods
- Energy Markets
- Peat from a Climate Impact Point of View
- The Nature of Peatlands and Peat
- Balance of Peat Usage and Life-Cycle Analysis
- Wise Use of Peat
- References
- Definitions
- Tables
- Bioenergy
- Introduction
- Wood Fuels
- Biomass for Electricity Generation
- Biofuels
- Biomass Resources
- Summary
- References
- Tables
- Solar
- Introduction
- Solar Radiation Resources
- Solar Collectors
- Solar Energy Applications
- Solar Photovoltaic Systems (PV)
- Solar Thermal Power Plants
- Solar Energy Storage Systems
- Other Solar Energy Applications
- Conclusion and Outlook
- References
- Tables
- Geothermal Energy
- Introduction
- Geothermal Resources
- Utilisation
- Technologies for Electricity Generation
- Electricity Generation
- Direct Utilisation
- Heat Pump Applications
- Environmental Issues
- Enhanced Geothermal Systems
- New Developments - drilling for higher temperatures
- Conclusions
- References
- Tables
- Wind Energy
- Resource and Potential
- Types of Modern Wind Turbine
- Energy Production
- Wind Energy Costs
- Wind Farms
- Small Wind Turbines
- Environmental Aspects
- Integration into Supply Networks
- Future Developments
- References
- Tables
- Tidal Energy
- The Tides
- Harnessing the Energy in the Tides
- The Future of Tidal Power
- References
- Wave Energy
- Introduction
- The Resource
- Wave Energy Technologies
- Environmental Aspects
- The Prospects for Wave Energy
- Conclusions
- References
- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
- Introduction
- Types of OTEC Plant
- Economics and Finance
- A Typical OTEC Design
- The Way Ahead and the Market
- References
- Energy Maps
- Publication Archive
- Statements
- documents en français
- documentos en español
- documentos em Português
Publications
Energy Policy Scenarios to 2050
5. Regional Achievement of the 3 A's
"Treat the earth well: it was not given to you by your parents, it was loaned to you by your children." Native American proverb
This section summarises regional perspectives on achieving WEC's goals of Accessibility, Availability, and Acceptability. All regions are shown, in the figures in this section, as if they were at the same starting point today (2005). Their progress toward full achievement of the 3 A's is measured in units of change (positive or negative) relative to their starting point. All regions were asked to measure their expected progress from today under different scenarios on a scale of 0-10, where 10 is full achievement. For example, if they believe their progress is at 5 against any goal today, full achievement would be a relative change of +5. This allows for relatively consistent comparison on progress against goals between regions.